The Cell System — Exam Prep — Architecture of Grace

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Helpful Hints

🧱 Cell theory — three sentences, easy points

1. All living things are made of cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from existing cells.

All living · Basic unit · Cells from cells

🔁 The two big equations are mirror images

Photosynthesis: CO₂ + water + light → sugar + oxygen. Cellular respiration: sugar + oxygen → CO₂ + water + energy. One builds sugar, the other burns it.

Flip the arrow.

⚠️ Traps the test loves

Plants DO cellular respiration — every living cell needs to release energy.
Cellular respiration ≠ breathing. It happens inside cells, in mitochondria.
Both plant AND animal cells have mitochondria.
Osmosis is only about water — diffusion is the general word.
Cells divide instead of growing forever — a giant cell can’t move materials fast enough.

🏭 Organelle jobs — think of a factory

Nucleus = the main office (holds DNA).
Mitochondria = power plant (releases energy).
Chloroplast = solar panel + kitchen (plants only).
Cell membrane = security gate (controls what enters/exits).
Cell wall = stiff outer wall (plants only).

🎯 How the test will ask

Expect a labeled cell diagram — know organelles by shape and location.
Mitosis questions love ORDER: PMAT — Please Make A Taco.
Transport hinges on one word: passive = no energy, active = energy needed.

✅ Before the test, can you…

Say all three parts of cell theory?
Name 3 differences between plant and animal cells?
Put PMAT in order and say what each phase does?
Write both equations (photosynthesis and respiration)?
Explain WHY cells divide instead of growing huge?

Term	Meaning in 10 words or less
Cell theory	All life is cells; cells come from cells.
Organelle	A tiny structure with a job inside a cell.
Nucleus	Control center holding the DNA.
Mitochondria	Releases energy from sugar.
Chloroplast	Captures sunlight to make food (plants).
Cell membrane	Gate controlling what enters and leaves.
Cell wall	Stiff outer support layer (plants, fungi, bacteria).
Diffusion	Particles spread from crowded to less crowded.
Osmosis	Diffusion of water through a membrane.
Active transport	Movement that costs the cell energy.
Mitosis	One cell divides into two identical cells.
Photosynthesis	Making sugar from CO₂, water, and light.
Cellular respiration	Releasing energy from sugar using oxygen.
Chlorophyll	Green pigment that captures light energy.

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